A proof template with a truth table. The table is added as a figure, has a caption and a label, and there is a reference to the table (as a figure) in the prose.
\documentclass[12 pt]{article} %sets the font to 12 pt and says this is an article (as opposed to book or other documents)
\usepackage{amsfonts, amssymb, amsmath} % packages to get the fonts, symbols used in most math
%\usepackage{setspace} % Together with \doublespacing below allows for doublespacing of the document
\oddsidemargin=-0.5cm % These three commands create the margins required for class
\setlength{\textwidth}{6.5in} %
\addtolength{\voffset}{-20pt} %
\addtolength{\headsep}{25pt} %
\pagestyle{myheadings} % tells LaTeX to allow you to enter information in the heading
\markright{Murphy Waggoner\hfill \today \hfill} % put your name instead of Murphy Waggoner
% LaTeX will put your name on the left, the date the paper
% is generated in the middle
% and a page number on the right
\newcommand{\qed}[0]{$\square$} % make an unfilled square the default for ending a proof
%\doublespacing % Together with the package setspace above allows for doublespacing of the document
\begin{document} % end of preamble and beginning of text that will be printed
% makes the word Proposition and the proposition number bold face
\textbf{Proposition R.231:} % the Proposition number from the book (this one is fictitious)
Prove that $A = \left\{m + n\sqrt{3}\ |\ m,n \in \mathbb{Z} \right\}$ is closed under multiplication.
% be sure to leave at least one blank line here so that
% the Proof starts with a new paragraph
\textbf{Proof:} % makes the word Proof bold face
Let $A = \left\{m + n\sqrt{3}\ |\ m,n \in \mathbb{Z} \right\},$
and let $m + n\sqrt{3}$ and $p + q\sqrt{3}$ be elements of $A$.
See Figure \ref{truthtable} to see what a table looks like. Then
\begin{align} %If you don't want page numbers, then use align* instead
\left( m + n\sqrt{3} \right)\left(p + q\sqrt{3} \right) & = mp + mq\sqrt{3} + np\sqrt{3} + 3qn\\ & = (mp + 3qn) + (mq + np)\sqrt{3}.
\end{align}
Since $m, n, p, q \in \mathbb{Z}$, $mp + 3nq$ and $ mq + np$ are both integers. Therefore,
$$\left( m + n\sqrt{3} \right)\left(p + q\sqrt{3} \right) \in A,$$
and $A$ is closed under multiplication. \qed
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{c|c|c}\hline
$A$&$B$&If $A$ then $B$.\\ \hline
True&True&\\
True&False&\\
False&True&\\
False&False&\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{ And here is a table inserted for no reason whatsover}
\label{truthtable}
\end{figure}
\end{document}